KOBALAMINNI SPORTDA NOQONUNIY QO‘LLASH: FARMAKOLOGIK TA’SIRI, ANTIDOPING QOIDALARI VA ANIQLASH USULLARI
Keywords:
Kalit so‘zlar: kobalamin, vitamin B12, kobalt, CoCl2, eritropoez, antidoping, ICP-MS, LC-ICP-MS, eritropoetin, (Co2+).Abstract
Annotatsiya: Ushbu ilmiy maqolada kobalaminning sport amaliyotida potensial noqonuniy qo‘llanish masalalari farmakologik, antidoping reglamentatsiya va analitik diagnostika nuqtai nazaridan tahlil qilinadi. Vitamin B12 organizmda eritropoezni rag‘batlantirish va aerob ish faoliyatini yaxshilashdagi roli tufayli sportchilar e’tiboriga tushgan. Zamonaviy antidoping qoidalariga ko‘ra, organik bog‘langan kobalt – siyanokobalamin taqiqlangan moddalar ro‘yxatiga kiritilmagan. Biroq, noorganik kobalt tuzlari (Co2+) eritropoetin sintezini rag‘batlantirish orqali gemoglobin darajasini sun’iy oshirishi sababli S2 bo‘limi Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) activating agents ichida taqiqlanadi va musobaqa ichida ham, tashqarisida ham qo`llash mumkin emas. Maqolada kobaltning (Co2+) ikki valentli ionining eritropoezga ta’sir mexanizmi, uning organizmdan chiqarilish kinetikasi va zamonaviy antidoping laboratoriyalarida qo‘llaniladigan differensial analiz usullari (ICP-MS va LC-ICP-MS) batafsil yoritilgan.
References
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO‘YXATI:
Andersen A. B., et al. Contemporary blood doping – Performance, mechanism, and detection // Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. – 2024. – Vol. 34, No 1. – P. e14243. – DOI: 10.1111/sms.14243.
Bruick R. K., McKnight S. L. Oxygen sensing and the hypoxia inducible factor pathway // Annual Review of Biochemistry. – 2001. – Vol. 70. – P. 325-362. – DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.325.
Gallorini M., et al. Cobalt speciation in urine of hard metal workers. A study carried out by nuclear and radioanalytical techniques // Science of the Total Environment. – 1994. – Vol. 150, No 1-3. – P. 153-160. – DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90144-9.
Green R., Miller J. W. Vitamin B12 // Vitamins and Hormones. – 2022. – Vol. 119. – P. 3-4. – DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.01.001.
Hillyer L. L., Ridd Z., Fenwick S., Hincks P. R., Paine S. W. Pharmacokinetics of inorganic cobalt and a vitamin B12 supplement in the Thoroughbred horse: Differentiating cobalt abuse from supplementation // Equine Veterinary Journal. – 2018. – Vol. 50, No 3. – P. 343-349. – DOI: 10.1111/evj.12788.
Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. – Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 1998. – DOI: 10.17226/6015.
Ivan M., et al. HIFα targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: implications for O₂ sensing // Science. – 2001. – Vol. 292, No 5516. – P. 464-468. – DOI: 10.1126/science.1059817.
Knoop A., Görgens C., Geyer H., Thevis M. Elevated urinary cobalt concentrations identified in routine doping controls can originate from vitamin B₁₂ // Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. – 2020. – Vol. 34, No 7. – P. e8649. – DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8649.
Knoop A., Thevis M., Geyer H., et al. Analysis of cobalt for human sports drug testing purposes using ICP-MS and LC-ICP-MS // Drug Testing and Analysis. – 2020. – Vol. 12, No 11-12. – P. 1666-1672. – DOI: 10.1002/dta.2962.
Kocot K., et al. How to detect doping in sport? Application of magnetic nanoparticles for determination of Co(II) by ICP-MS // Molecules. – 2020. – Vol. 25, No 11. – P. 2411. – DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112411.
Pronina I. V., Mochalova E. S., Efimova Yu. A., Postnikov P. V. Biological functions of cobalt and its toxicology and detection in anti-doping control// Fine Chemical Technologies (Tonkie Khimicheskie Tekhnologii). – 2021. – Vol. 16, No 4. – P. 318-336. – DOI: 10.32362/2410-6593-2021-16-4-318-336.
Schmidt A., et al. Cobalt misuse in sports // Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin. – 2019. – No 5. – P. 129-135. – DOI: 10.5960/dzsm.2019.347.
Tekin F. Vitamin B12 Metabolizması // Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences. – 2020. – Vol. 40, No 1. – P. 24-30. – DOI: 10.5336/medsci.2019-73292.
Tower S. S. The association of cobalturia with cobaltism symptoms: a prospective blinded study of 229 post-arthroplasty patients // PLOS ONE. – 2023. – Vol. 18, No 12. – P. e0295203. – DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295203.
World Anti-Doping Agency. Summary of Modifications to the 2015 Prohibited List. – Montreal: WADA, 2014. – 5 p.
World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2015 Prohibited List. – Montreal: WADA, 2014.
World Anti-Doping Agency. Establishing doping-related reference distributions for cobalt in human urine and reference values for cobalt in serum and urine after cobalamin (vitamin B12) administration // WADA Scientific Research. – Project code: 16C02CR. – 2023. – URL: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/scientific-research/establishing-doping-related-reference-distributions-cobalt-human (date of access: 21.05.2026).
World Anti-Doping Agency. Cobalt quantification from erythrocytes and urine: Complementation of the ABP and definition of contributions by vitamin B12-derived cobalt // WADA Scientific Research. – Project code: ISF19C05MT. – 2024. – URL: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/scientific-research/cobalt-quantification-erythrocytes-and-urine-complementation-abp-and (date of access: 21.05.2026).
